Colour-Related Conceptual Metaphors in The Context of The Film La La Land
Abstract
Cinema is more than a purely visual experience. It offers rich semiotic system and the elements of mise-en-scène, such as lighting, set design, costumes, and props, work together to shape viewers’ emotional responses. Among these elements, colour plays a particularly significant role as both a narrative and thematic device. This paper examines the use of colour in the film La La Land (2016), focusing on how red, blue, and purple function as carriers of meaning within the film. Drawing on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), the study analyses how these colours are systematically associated with abstract concepts and how such associations are visually constructed. The analysis unveils the main colour metaphors in the movie (FANTASY IS BLUE, REALITY IS RED, and LOVE IS PURPLE), provides a justification for their conceptualisation, and discusses the means by which the main metaphorical expressions are visually displayed in the film. The results reveal how each of these three colours is used to convey specific ideas and themes throughout the film, particularly those related to fantasy, reality, and love.
References
Anderson, W. (Director). (2014). The Grand Budapest Hotel [Film]. Fox Searchlight Pictures. Arnheim, R. (1957). Film as Art. University of California Press.
Bartel, R. (1983). Metaphors and Symbols: Forays into Language (1st ed.). National Council of Teachers of English. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED232202
Bellantoni, P. (2012). If it's purple, someone's gonna die: the power of color in visual storytelling (1st ed.). Focal Press.
Berens, D. J. (2014). The role of colour in films: Influencing the audience’ s mood [Bachelor’s dissertation, Leeds Metropolitan University]. Leeds Beckett Repository. https://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/
Boggs, J. M., & Petrie, D. W. (2008). The art of watching films (7th ed.). McGraw Hill.
Borgh, E. (1973). SIGNS, SYMBOLS, AND METAPHORS. Arizona English Bulletin, 15(2), 1-130. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED076984.pdf#page=14
Bort-Mir, L. (2019). Developing, extending and testing FILMIP: The filmic metaphor identification procedure [Doctoral dissertation, Universitat Jaume I].
Chazelle, D. (Director). (2016). La La Land [Film]. Summit Entertainment. Christensen, B. (Director). (1922). Häxan [Film]. Svensk Filmindustri. Coates, P. (2010). Cinema and colour: The saturated image. Palgrave Macmillan.Conway, B. R. (2012). Color consilience: Color through the lens of art practice, history, philosophy, and neuroscience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1252(1), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06470.x
Cowan, P. (2015). The democracy of colour. Journal of Media Practice, 16(2), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682753.2015.1041806
Duan, Y ., Rhodes, P. A., & Cheung, V . (2018). The Impact of Colour on Impulsivity, Arousal and Emotion. Color Research & Application/Color Research and Application, 43(3), 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22201
Fahlenbrach, K. (Ed.). (2015). Embodied Metaphors in Film, Television, and Video Games: Cognitive Approaches. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315724522
[FILMGRAB]. (2019, April 11). La La Land. https://film-grab.com/2019/04/12/la-la-land/
Forceville, C., & Uriós-Aparisi, E. (Eds.). (2009). Multimodal metaphor. Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110215366
Forceville, C. (2006). Non-verbal and multimodal metaphor in a cognitivist framework: Agendas for research. In G. Kristiansen, M. Achard, R. Dirven, & F. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez (Eds.), Cognitive linguistics: Current applications and future perspectives (pp. 379–402). Mouton de Gruyter.
Forceville, C. (2016). Pictorial and multimodal metaphor. In E. Semino & Z. Demjén (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of metaphor and language (pp. 241–260). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315672953
Gage, J. (1993). Colour and culture: Practice and meaning from antiquity to abstraction. Thames & Hudson.
Giannetti, L. D. (1972). Cinematic Metaphors. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 6(4), 49–61. Gibbs, R. W., Jr. (2008). Metaphor and thought: The state of the art. In R. W. Gibbs, Jr. (Ed.),
The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought (pp. 3–13). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816802.002
Han, Y ., Kim, M., Hwang, S., Whelan, T. J., & Roh, H. (2022). Labelling the psychological impact of colour in films for deep learning processing based on the humanities approach. Jahr
- European Journal of Bioethics, 13(1), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.21860/j.13.1.11
Ibáñez-Arenós, M., & Bort-Mir, L. (2020). Going Up Is Always Good: A Multimodal Analysis of Metaphors in a TV Ad with FILMIP, the Filmic Metaphor Identification Procedure. Complutense Journal of English Studies, 28, 189-201.
https://doi.org/10.5209/cjes.66959
Kalmus, N. M. (1935). Color consciousness. Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, 25(2), 139-147.
Kennedy, A. (2014). The Effect of Color on Emotions in Animated Films [Master’s thesis, Purdue University]. Purdue e-Pubs. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/201/
Kövecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor. A practical introduction. Oxford University Press.
Kövecses, Z. (2017). Conceptual Metaphor Theory. In Z. Demjén & E. Semino (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Metaphor and Language (pp. 13-27). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315672953
Lakoff, G. (2014). Mapping the brain's metaphor circuitry: Metaphorical thought in everyday reason. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 958. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00958
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we Live by. Chicago University Press. La-la land. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/la-la%20land
Leskelä, M. (2018). “I Would Do Anything for Love, but I Won’t Do That”: Conceptual Metaphors of Love in Popular Music [Master’s thesis]. Institutional Repository of Tampere University. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:uta-201804041489
MacLeod, D. (2014). Cinema and Colour: The Saturated Image by Paul Coates (review). Film & History, An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies, 44(1), 61–64. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/543540/summary
Marche, S. (2017). Damien Chazelle Reveals His Favorite Musical Moments in La La Land. Esquire Magazine. https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/q-and-a/a53368/damien-chazelle-la-la-land-interview/
Müller, C. & Kappelhoff, H. (2018). Cinematic Metaphor and Embodiment. In Cinematic Metaphor: Experience – Affectivity – Temporality (pp. 60-69). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110580785-005
Mwangi, B. T. (2023). Colour as a Communicative Tool in Film: an Analysis of Selected Kenyan Drama Films [Doctoral Dissertation, Kenyatta University]. Kenyatta University Institutional Repository. https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/27416
Myers, S. (2018, May 28). “La La Land”: Scene-By-Scene Breakdown - Go into the story. Medium. https://gointothestory.blcklst.com/la-la-land-scene-by-scene-breakdown-3a3f5a76397b
Ortiz, M. J. (2015). Films and embodied metaphors of emotion. In M. Coëgnarts & P. Kravanja (Eds.), Embodied cognition and cinema (pp. 203-220). Leuven University Press.
Pascual-Hinojal. C., & Silvestre-López, A. J. (2015). Three-dimensional metaphorical objects in street advertising. RAEL: REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA DE LINGÜÍSTICA APLICADA,
(1), 51-66. https://rael.aesla.org.es/index.php/RAEL/article/view/36
Ringelschwandtner, S. (n.d.). A study on color. MONONODES. https://mononodes.com/a-study-on-color/
Screenmusings. (n.d.) La La Land Screencaps Gallery - (2016)
https://screenmusings.org/movie/blu-ray/La-La-Land/index.htm
Silvestre-López, A. J. (2022). Uses and functions of conceptual metaphor in pedagogical meditation discourse. ELUA: Estudios de Lingüística. Universidad de Alicante, (38), 47-72. https://doi.org/10.14198/ELUA.22349
Silvestre-López, A.J., Pinazo, D. & Barrós-Loscertales, A. (2023). Metaphor can influence meta-thinking and affective levels in guided meditation. Current Psychology, 42(3), 3617–3629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01655-1
Spielberg, S. (Director). (1993). Schindler’s List [Film]. Universal Pictures.
Sun, Y., & Vu, K. L. (2018). Population stereotypes for color associations. In D. Harris & W.-
C. Li (Eds.), Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics (pp. 480–489). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91122-9_39
Tham, D. S. Y ., Sowden, P. T., Grandison, A., Franklin, A., Lee, A. K. W., Ng, M., Park, J., Pang, W., & Zhao, J. (2020). A systematic investigation of conceptual color associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 149(7), 1311–1332. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000703
Thibodeau, P. H., Hendricks, R. K., & Boroditsky, L. (2017). How linguistic metaphor scaffolds reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(11), 852–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.07.001
Thinard, M. (2019). Colours & Metaphors: A Study of Black, White and Grey Metaphors in English Idioms. [Unpublished manuscript]
Wikipedia contributors. (2010, March 22). HSV color solid cylinder saturation gray.png.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSV_color_solid_cylinder_saturation_gray.png
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Authors Retain All Rights. Online Journal of Humanities ETAGTSU Has Only the Right of the First Publication.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.











